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Variant versions of this pathway include (Da) TGF-β receptors links with MAPKs through TRAF adaptor proteins; (Db) SMAD4 recruitment of a SKI-SKIL repressor complex to certain target genes (e.g.,RORCin TH17 helper T cells) to prevent leaky transcription in the absence of TGF-β; and (Dc) SMAD4-independent activation of certain target genes (e.g.,SOX4in pancreatic epithelial progenitors) by SMAD2 and SMAD3.

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