Examples of how cTWAS avoided false-positive genes. Top, -log 10 P values of genes (from TWAS) and SNPs in a region. Bottom, PIPs of genes and SNPs. Genes are represented by squares, with positions determined by transcription start sites, and SNPs represented by circles. Colors indicate whether the gene or SNP is causal (orange), noncausal but in LD with a causal effect ( R 2 between SNP genotype or imputed expression >0.4, purple), or noncausal and not in LD with causal effect (green). The eQTLs of the genes are plotted in middle tracks. Transcriptome-wide significance cutoff for TWAS was indicated by the red dotted line. Top, values of PP4 (probability of colocalization) from coloc analysis were shown for each gene of interest.
