Number of genes identified by various methods. We used the following significance thresholds for each method: PIP > 0.8 for cTWAS; Bonferroni-corrected P < 0.05 for FUSION; PP4 > 0.8 for coloc; PIP > 0.8 for FOCUS; FDR < 0.05 for SMR with P < 0.05 for HEIDI; Bonferroni-corrected P < 0.05 for MR-JTI with FDR < 0.05 for FUSION; Bonferroni-corrected P < 0.05 for PMR-Egger; and LFSR < 0.1 for MRLocus. We use different colors for causal genes identified by each method, and the top gray bars indicate noncausal genes. The height of the bar is the mean over five independent simulations; the standard error is shown for each bar in vertical lines from the same five simulations.
