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The model of cTWAS. G m , the genotype of m th variant; X~j and X j , imputed expression and actual expression of the j th gene; θ m , direct effect of the m th variant on the trait y; β j , effect size of the j th gene; ϵ , error term; δ 0 , point mass at 0. π G and π V are prior probability of being causal for genes and variants, respectively; σ^2_G and σ^2_V are prior variance of the effect sizes of causal gene and variants, respectively.

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