Line Plot from Scientific Research

Past and future mean regional changes in N d over EC diagnosed from past and future aerosol emissions under strong-mitigation (SSP1–2.6; green) and high-emissions (SSP3–7.0; orange) scenarios. To enhance the conciseness and readability, the results for mid-emissions (SSP2–4.5) are not displayed here and instead are shown in Extended Data Fig. 1. Historical observations of N d from MODIS Level 3 1° × 1° products (2001–2020) are shown in cyan. Solid and dashed lines indicate the predictions using OLS and sigmoid methods, respectively, for N d, with the shaded areas representing the 95% confidence interval (according to a Student’s t test) that represents the regression uncertainty.

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