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Following the IPCCs conceptual framework, risk, which we define as the frequency of snow-scarce conditions on ski pistes, results from the combination of hazard, exposure and vulnerability. Changes in hazard are related to temperature rise and snow cover decline. Snow management is designed to reduce the snow supply risk but is itself influenced by climatic impact drivers. In turn, it induces pressure on environmental externalities, with related greenhouse gas emissions. The risk also influences demand-side factors through skier satisfaction (influencing profitability of operations) and skier visits (contributing to greenhouse gas emissions through transportation, housing and so on). Profitability of operations is influenced by snow management costs but also influences investments in snowmaking and related path dependencies.

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