Longitudinal risk factors of cognition (a) and functional ability (b) were grouped into the following factors: demographics; SDH; lifestyle; health status (cardiometabolic factors and falls); mental health symptoms; and country. Features were ordered from most to least influential in the regression. The feature importance ranks in the regression model for cognition and functional ability are highlighted, accompanied by their statistical significance. Feature importance is represented by the radius of the circles and accentuated by the intensity of the color. The bottom parts of both panels show the countries’ comparison analyses (violin plots) used to test differences in the weight of significant risk factors (β estimates) of cognition and functional ability (n = 9,258). Ten iterations of the results were conducted to obtain ten β estimates for each risk factor, providing the minimum variance for performing group comparisons, which was analyzed with a two-sided Mann–Whitney U -test with Bonferroni correction. The specific values of the violin plots (minimum, maximum, center, 25th and 75th quartiles, inferior and superior whiskers) are provided in Extended Data Table 6 (for cognition) and Extended Data Table 7 (for functional ability). * P < 1.00 × 10 −2 ≤5.00 × 10 −2 ; ** P < 1.00 × 10 −3 ≤ 1.00 × 10 −2 ; *** P < 1.00 × 10 −4 ≤ 1.00 × 10 −3.
