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During unperturbed DNA replication the bi-directional transcription start sites (TSS) represent a difficult to replicate region, as replication forks approaching such TSS from either direction, encounter transcription machinery in a head-to-head orientation. Such collisions can lead to genomic instability if not resolved. TRAIP facilitates resolution of these replication-transcription encounters through its ubiquitin ligase activity directed either towards the replisome or the transcription machinery.

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