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Reconstructed ancestral grass karyotype based on five extant grass species, namely P. giganteum, S. bicolor, Z. mays, S. viridis, and C. americanus, using the IAGS pipeline. The inferred karyotypes of five ancestry nodes and the five representative grass species are displayed together with a schematic species tree that shows the evolutionary history of these grass species. The red triangle indicates the polyploidization event and the green pentagram indicates the WGD event. The timeline (leftmost) indicates species divergence times in Mya. Chromosome numbers of the five grass species are given below the karyotypes of each species. Divergence times of (1) S. bicolor and C. americanus, (2) S. bicolor and Z. mays, (3) S. viridis and P. giganteum, and (4) P. giganteum and C. americanus

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