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Mice were experimentally infected with spirochetes of B. afzelii grown in BSK-II medium (n = 10) while the uninfected group received an injection containing only BSK-II medium (n = 10). At day 30 (3 weeks post-infection), mice were infested with I. ricinus larvae (n = 100 per mouse). Sera of mice were rcollected to check infection by western blot and engorged ticks were collected and used for tick microbiota analysis.

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