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Escherichia coli ( E. coli) indicator strains were isolated from the feces of HFD mice and enriched in vitro for bacterial transplantation to confirm the causal role of Proteobacteria expansion in HFD-induced dysregulation of Kyn pathway (C- E.coli ). To determine the central role of colonic IDO1 in E.coli- mediated upregulation of the Kyn pathway, mice were administrated with palmatine to eliminate colonic IDO1 before receiving E.coli (C-Pal).

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