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Schematic illustration of an ex-ECLD. Under AC operation, the donor (D) and acceptor (A) molecules dissolved in the solution are alternatingly oxidized and reduced at both the TiO2electrode and the ITO electrode. Upon collision, oxidized donors and reduced acceptors form exciplexes. The exciplex transfers its energy to a neighboring dye molecule (d) via resonant energy transfer (E.T.), ultimately leading to emission from the dye molecule. The mesoporous TiO2electrode increases the effective contact area and thus promotes the redox reaction.

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