CSHA score for each rotation. In b , the whiskers in each column represent the standard deviation of three replications; circles are the corresponding data points for the bar chart, n = 3. One-way ANOVA with two-sided and post-hoc test was conducted for the significance test among different treatments. Different lowercase letters denote significantly different groups of crop rotations at P < 0.05. The red dashed line with red percentages is the baseline of the WM rotation. The black dashed line with black percentages is the baseline of 2016. Treatment abbreviations: WM winter wheat–summer maize (control case), SpWM sweet potato→winter wheat–summer maize rotation, PWM peanut→winter wheat–summer maize rotation, SWM soybean→winter wheat–summer maize rotation, SmWM spring maize→winter wheat–summer maize rotation, RSWM ryegrass–sorghum→winter wheat–summer maize rotation. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
