Changes in soil carbon stock in the 090 cm depth. Error bars in each column represent the standard deviation of whole-profile sums of three replicates. One-way ANOVA with two-sided and post-hoc test was conducted for statistical significance; different lowercase letters denote significant differences between the rotations at P < 0.05. In e , ** denotes significant changes in soil carbon stock in the 090 cm soil layer between 2016 and 2022 at P < 0.01 ( P = 0.005 for SpWM, P = 0.002 for PWM and SWM).Treatment abbreviations: WM winter wheatsummer maize (control case), SpWM sweet potatowinter wheatsummer maize rotation, PWM peanutwinter wheatsummer maize rotation, SWM soybeanwinter wheatsummer maize rotation, SmWM spring maize winter wheatsummer maize rotation, RSWM ryegrasssorghum winter wheatsummer maize rotation. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
