Violin Plot from Scientific Research

Cross-sectional performance of the risk score on secondary outcomes. Cohen’s d effect sizes and explained variance (R2, on the left with P estimated using a two-sided Pearson’s r correlations) were used across self-reported ratings of overall health ratings while Cohen’s d and AUC-ROC discriminations were used for opioid medication use and inability to work due to sickness or disability in the validation data.

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