Economic benefit – net income. The black bar within violin plots shows the 25 and 75 percentiles, the whiskers beyond the bar represent 95 and 5 percentiles, and the inner white dot indicates the median. The violin shaped area reveals the data distribution. One-way ANOVA with two-sided and post-hoc test was conducted to determine significant differences. Different lowercase letters denote significant differences between the rotations at P < 0.05. The exact P values: P < 0.001. $1 US = 6.95 Chinese Yuan (as of May, 2023). n = 9. Treatment abbreviations: WM winter wheatsummer maize (control case), SpWM sweet potatowinter wheatsummer maize rotation, PWM peanutwinter wheatsummer maize rotation, SWM soybeanwinter wheatsummer maize rotation, SmWM spring maizewinter wheatsummer maize rotation, RSWM ryegrasssorghumwinter wheatsummer maize rotation. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
