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Scheme showing a novel ex vivo microcosm model using saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (sHA) disc. Saliva from a healthy donor was inoculated with or without the addition of S. mutans and/or C. albicans , and incubated on an sHA disc for 42 h. Then, the samples from the planktonic phase and biofilm under each condition were subjected to shotgun whole metagenome sequencing to identify both the composition and functional attributes of the biofilms. Created with BioRender.com

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