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Generic fermentation pathways in human gut butyrogens that can yield combinations of H 2 , CO 2, formate, lactate, acetate, and butyrate (adapted from Louis and Flint, 2017 [ 18 ]). Fd ferredoxin, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, PFOR pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, PFL pyruvate formate-lyase, Ack acetate kinase, Hyd ferredoxin hydrogenase, Bhbd hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, Etf-Bcd butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase electron-transferring flavoprotein complex, But butyryl-CoA:acetyl CoA transferase, Rnf complex. The division of acetyl-CoA between acetate production (green box) and butyrate production (blue box) is variable; an equal division is shown as a representative case with simple stoichiometry. The division of pyruvate between the PFOR and PFL routes of acetyl-CoA formation is also variable. Stoichiometry is balanced from glucose to either lactate (orange box) or to butyrate and acetate, via either PFOR or PFL.

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