Ex-post EFs given per unit of biofuel produced for different policies. The box plots show the temporal variation of EF mar30 ( t ) for years t between 2025 and 2070 (sample size of n = 9; bioTax40 and bioTax40_noTrd are exceptions with n = 8, since the year 2070 is excluded; see 'Emission factors over time' in the Supplementary Information). The minimum and maximum of each box confine the interquartile range, the whiskers represent the first and fourth quartiles, and the centre line indicates the median value. *The reference EFs for diesel and natural gas are taken from UBA 23. **The reference values for electricity produced (here in kg CO 2 GJ electricity -1 ) from solar photovoltaic (PV), hydro and wind are medium values from AR5 based on life cycle analysis 61. For a comparison with 20-year marginal EFs and EFs of N 2 O, see Extended Data Fig. 2.
