Temperature sensitivity of March SWE across a range of climatological winter temperatures in in situ observations (green), gridded data products (blue), climate models (red) and our basin-scale statistical reconstructions (orange). The solid line (shading) indicates the average sensitivity (±1 s.d.) in a rolling 5 °C temperature window across all in situ locations, grid cells or river basins. The red vertical line indicates the change point at which the temperature sensitivity of snowpack becomes nonlinear (based on a change-point analysis using the basin-scale reconstructions). The bottom histograms show the distribution of climatological Northern Hemisphere March SWE and human population in 2° temperature bins, with the values indicating how much of each distribution falls on each side of the change point. Temperatures on the x axis are the average November–March temperature over the 1981–2020 period from each in situ location or grid cell. Only climatologically snow-covered grid cells are used to calculate the basin-average temperature.
