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Schematic of proteinosomes used for DNA-encoded data storage. Proteinosomes with BSA–PNIPAm-based thermoresponsive membranes 36 encapsulate Tamavidin 2-HOT 44 and magnetic particles ( Methods ). Digital data can be encoded into multiple fixed-length DNA sequences that are appended with forward and reverse primer sites to create a DNA-encoded file (Supplementary Fig. 8 shows a graphical representation). Using biotinylated primers during PCR, DNA files can be labelled with biotin, which can be stably localized inside proteinosomes via the biotin–Tamavidin 2-HOT interaction. Different DNA-encoded files can be localized inside other proteinosomes to easily create multiple distinct localized files.

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