Relative changes (%) in the occurrence frequency of dry-to-wet whiplash events at the last four decades of the 21st Century (2060–2100) under the RCP8.5 forcing relative to the recent four decades (1979–2019) over the six monsoon regions including North American monsoon (NAmerM), South American monsoon (SAmerM), West African monsoon (WAfriM), South and Southeast Asian monsoon (SAsiaM), East Asian monsoon (EAsiaM), and Australian-Maritime Continent monsoon (AusMCM) regions. Plots on maps indicate the area-weighted average changes in the occurrence frequency of precipitation whiplash in all monsoon regions derived from the ensemble mean of CMIP6 and CESM-LENS simulations. Data were smoothed over 10-year intervals. The regional mean forced response (lines) and the uncertainties standard deviation (shadings) in CESM-LENS (orange) and CMIP6 (blue) are represented. Orange (blue) circles are the first year when the forced response is greater than the uncertainties, i.e., the absolute value of signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) is greater than or equal to 1, in CESM-LENS (CMIP6).
