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Equivalent circuit model of a Li-ion battery half-cell. Key elements include:Rb(bulk resistance of the cell, including the resistance from the electrolyte, separator, and electrodes),RSEIandCPESEI(resistance and capacitance of the interfacial layer),RctandCPEelectrode(charge-transfer resistance and double-layer capacitance), andWWarburg(diffusional effects of Li+on the host material). (Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License.[45]Copyright 2020, Open access).

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