Scatter Plot from Scientific Research

On the vertical axis is change in the mean of fourth-grade reading scores (possible scores range from 0 to 500) from autumn 2019 to autumn 2022. Horizontal axes are cumulative infections per 10 000 people (Jan 1, 2020, to July 31, 2022) and cumulative deaths per 100 000 people (Jan 1, 2020, to July 31, 2022). p values show the statistical significance of the relationship between the two variables, with lines illustrating the association. Initials represent each state; those shown in blue voted for the Democratic Party's presidential candidate in 2020, and those shown in red voted for the Republican Party's presidential candidate in 2020. GDP=gross domestic product.

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