State-specific measures of mandate intensity over time. The mandate intensity variable combines information across 23 mandates covering seven categories: education closures, travel restrictions, gathering restrictions, stay-at-home orders, business closures, mask mandates, and curfews. Daily mandate variables are binary such that a value of 1 indicates the mandate was in effect for a particular location-day and a 0 indicates the mandate was not in effect on that location-day. To summarise overall mandate intensity, we took the mean by location-day within each of the seven mandate groups and then took the mean of those seven means to generate a single value for each location-day. Mandate intensity is presented as continuous values that vary from 0 to 1, where a 1 means all mandates were in effect on a given location-day and a 0 means no mandates were in effect on that location-day. Blue lines represent states that voted for the Democratic Party's presidential candidate in 2020, with the dark blue line representing the mean of those states. Red lines represent states that voted for the Republican Party's presidential candidate in 2020, with the dark red line representing the mean of those states.
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