Bars represent the estimated percentage of T2D incidence due to suboptimal intake of 11 dietary factors jointly (suboptimal diet) and separately at the global level in 2018. The burden due to suboptimal diet was estimated using proportional multiplication, assuming that half the benefit of whole-grain intake is mediated through replacement of refined rice and wheat intake. Refined rice and wheat were modeled separately but combined for this aggregate analysis using proportional multiplication. The attributable burden of T2D for four dietary factors (insufficient intake of fruit, nuts and seeds, non-starchy vegetables and excess intake of fruit juice) were estimated only based on effects mediated through weight gain (for example, no direct effects on T2D risk were identified in the literature). See Supplementary Table 5 for more details on the inputs for each dietary factor. Data are presented as the central estimate (median) and the corresponding 95% UI, derived from the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles of 1,000 multiway probabilistic Monte Carlo model simulations.
