Forest Plot from Scientific Research

This study provides evidence that maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of several neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring. While the results of the primary analysis suggest a potential causal relationship between prenatal smoking and these outcomes, further research is needed to confirm these findings and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Fig 3 shows the causal odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of maternal smoking on neurodevelopmental disorders in children. Note: ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; ID, intellectual disability; TS, Tourette syndrome.

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