Illustration from Scientific Research

Comparison of energetic levels in reference (Ref) and RbI-containing perovskites. Dashed lines: Fermi-level positions. The Fermi-level position on the left side is determined by Hall-effect measurements. The energetic positions on the right side are determined by a combination of near-UV photoelectron spectroscopy (to obtain ionization energies, i.e.,EV–EVac) and Kelvin probe (to obtain the work function, i.e.,EF–EVac) measurements.

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