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Schematic representation of metabolic fuel cell (MFC)-powered blue-light-stimulated insulin secretion by iβ-cells. The power management circuit of the metabolic fuel cell controls the conversion of blood glucose into electrical energy and provides the electrical power for blue-light-stimulated optogenetic rapid vesicular insulin release by iβ-cells. iβ-cells are pancreatic β-cells engineered for constitutive expression of melanopsin as well as proinsulin to enable exclusive insulin release in response to blue-light illumination.

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