In non-telemedicine screening programmes, participants were screened via face-to-face eye check-ups. Non-AI telemedicine screening programmes mainly involved a feed-forward mechanism, in which ophthalmic information was collected and subsequently transmitted to a hospital-based teleophthalmology centre via a secure web-based platform. The screening reports were returned to the patients within a 1–2 day turnaround time. The AI-based screening strategy provides real-time evaluation, and participants obtained feedback on their screening within 15 min. Following such preliminary screening, all participants with positive results were assumed to be referred to high-level hospitals for a full ophthalmic examination, and diagnosed patients were assumed to receive routine clinical care. We adopted both hospital visit (non-telemedicine strategy) and telemedicine visit (non-AI telemedicine screening and AI strategy) models for follow-up care. AI=artificial intelligence.
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