IDA results (with data from all four studies, n = 2,092) broken up by headline type. Incentives had the largest effect on belief in politically incongruent true news ( d = 0.47), and a smaller effect on politically congruent true news ( d = 0.17). Incentives did not have a significant effect on politically congruent or politically incongruent false news when controlling for multiple comparisons. Headline-level analysis revealed that incentives increased belief in all eight true items, but did not decrease belief in a single false item (for item-level analysis, see Supplementary Appendix 3 ). Means for each condition are shown in the figure, and error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.
