F c / F r versus F r / F a for the micropillar surfaces with constant diameter (D1 to D6), the micropillar surfaces with constant pitch (S1 to S4) and the spray-coated glass (C1) and mesh (C2), as well as the spray-coated micropillar surfaces (D1* and D6*) evaluated for the low-pressure conditions. The pie charts indicate the probabilities of the three different outcomes (red, impalement; blue, expulsion; green, suffusion), while the centre point of the pie charts locates the respective samples in the force ratio map evaluated for an initial water droplet volume of V = 10 l. The background shading serves as a guide to the eye to identify regions of the three outcomes. N = 651, n 10. V = 10 l for 461 experiments, while V [2 20] l for the remaining 190 experiments. The effect of V is minor (see Droplet size in the Supplementary Information and Supplementary Fig. 16 ). See Supplementary Tables 1 and 3 for further details. The inset is a schematic of a droplet on a micropillar surface with the dominant forces labelled.
