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Diagram of the proposed clock mechanism in A. ipsilon, including the core transcriptional feedback loop and the posttranscriptional regulation loop. Modified from Zhan et al. [9]. Heterodimers of clock (clk) and cycle (cyc) drive the transcription of period (per), timeless (tim), and mammalian-type cryptochrome (cry2). After 24 h, the PER, TIM, and CRY2 complexes cycle back into the nucleus, where CRY2 inhibits clk and cyc-mediated transcription. Casein kinase II (ckII), phosphatase 2A (pp2a), and doubletime (dbt) are involved in the posttranslational modifications of PER and TIM. Type-1 cryptochrome (cry1) mediates light entrainment and promotes TIM degradation. * cry2 not present in all insects.

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