Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of functional fish diversity pre- vs. post-Panama Canal expansion. The PCoA shows the distribution of functional entities (FEs) in functional spaces where axes represent PC1-PC2 and PC3-PC4 from a PCoA on functional traits (see also Figures S4 and S5 and Table S6). The overall convex hull includes all 45 fish species found at Lake Gatun between 2013 and 2023, grouped in 41 FEs. The color-filled areas show the functional volume filled by each fish community pre- and post-canal expansion. Colored circles represent FEs present in the fish fauna. Gray arrows indicate the main functional trait associated with PC2 and PC3.
