Plain observational—empagliflozin initiators versus noninitiators ( n = 425,483). After eligibility criteria—Empareg trial emulation cohort after applying inclusion/exclusion criteria and including an active-comparator group (DPP4 inhibitor user). The comparison is between empagliflozin initiators versus DDP4 initiators ( n = 11,349). PS adjusted—Empareg trial emulation cohorts after inclusion/exclusion criteria and a 1:1 PS nearest-neighbor matching for 28 covariates. The comparison is between empagliflozin initiators versus DDP4 initiators ( n = 4,522). The SDMs of the two trial arms are plotted as point estimates and lines representing their 95% CI. A circle around the point estimates represents statistical significance after a Bonferroni-corrected P value threshold (2.5 x 10 -3 ). Statistical tests for comparing the means between groups were conducted using two-sided t tests, with appropriate adjustments for multiple comparisons via Bonferroni correction. Analogous plots for the other trial emulations can be found in the Supplementary Figs. 1 – 3 . ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.
