The regions of Ghana are defined based on equally sized populations (to quantify the electricity access Gini index). The irrigation and municipal water supply Gini indices are calculated between the northern (Northeast, Northwest, and Ashanti) and southern regions (Lower Southeast, Upper Southeast, and Southwest) due to the limited spatial data of nodes of irrigation and municipal water demands. The bar and segment colours in ( a ) and ( b ) correspond to the regions with the same colours in ( d ). The map in ( d ) is based on data from Ghana Statistical Services (GSS). Source data are provided as a Source Data file via Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14851474 (ref. 81 ).
