Distribution of index values for Europe in each decade using maps. In the map, the blue color on the graph represents countries or states with a standard-DG-model-based index of less than 1, indicating that climate change leads to a decrease in their load, thereby reducing pressure on the DG. On the other hand, the red color represents countries or states with values greater than 1, indicating that climate change exerts more pressure on their distribution network. Under the RCP 8.5 scenario, the projected changes in the distribution network affected by climate change are expected to vary geographically, with the largest increases observed in southern Europe and the southern United States. This trend becomes most apparent in the 2090s but is already emerging in the 2050s. The maps in this study were generated using QGIS (version 3.32). The base map is a global vector map downloaded from Natural Earth (version 5.1.1), which is in the public domain and freely available for use. For more information, see the Natural Earth terms of use 43 . Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
