Hazard ratios (95% CI) for the selected metabolites, by cohort. Cause-specific Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between selected metabolites and CRC risk. Age at recruitment was defined as study entry, and exit time was determined by CRC diagnosis, death, or end of follow-up. HRs were reported per 1-SD increase of the log1p-transformed value for each metabolite. Multiple testing correction was applied using the BenjaminiHochberg method. Full dots indicate metabolites that remained significant after correction, while hollow dots indicate non-significant associations. BCAA branched-chain amino acids, C cholesterol, CE cholesteryl esters, CI confidence interval, FA fatty acids, FB fluid balance, FC free cholesterol, Glycolysis glycolysis-related metabolites, HDL high-density lipoproteins, HR hazard ratio, Ketone ketone bodies, L large, LA linoleic acid, LDL low-density lipoproteins, M medium, PL phospholipids, S small, SD standard deviation, TG triglycerides, UKB UK Biobank, VLDL very low-density lipoproteins, XL very large, XS very small, XXL extremely large, % ratio
