Spatial pattern of TCH changes classified as strong homogenization (-1), stable heterogeneity (0), and strong heterogenization (1) as a function of corresponding tree cover (TC) change types: decreasing (-1), stable (0), and increasing (1). For example, -1|1 indicates strong TC homogenization occurring in areas with increasing TC. To simplify interpretation, areas of weak homogenization and weak heterogenization are grouped into stable heterogeneity. The inset of (A) shows the area per TCH change type divided by TC change types as a percentage of the total area of semi-open ecosystems worldwide.
