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P. aeruginosa PA-W23 biofilm assay without PCL beads. P. aeruginosa PA-W23 Δpap1, Δpap1 with EV, and Δpap1 complemented with Pap1_noSP; mean and SD of three technical replicates and two biological replicates; statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons resulting in no significant differences. Normalized to WT as 100%.

DOI