Network from Scientific Research

Genetically predicted exposures X=(X,X,X)and outcomes Y=(Y,Y,Y)depend only on G, which are chosen to be associated with X and not with Y. Graphically, no directed edges to Xand Yfrom U are pictured. True (unconfounded by U) dependency relations between the traits in the original (individual-level) data shown in (B) are obtained by using Xand Y.

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