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Different immunotherapy strategies are being investigated including ICIs, CAR T cell therapy, OVs, and vaccine-based strategies. ICIs target immune checkpoint blockade to amplify the antitumoral immune response. CAR T cell therapy binds to antigens expressed on tumor surfaces leading to T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity. OVs can kill tumor cells via direct lysis and release of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), and viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) can also increase antitumoral immune response. Vaccine-based strategies can be peptide based or cell based (e.g., dendritic cell) to prime T cells and lead to tumor killing. Figure created with BioRender.com.

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