Direct comparison of the antitumor efficacy of (1) free drugs alone, (2) free drug combination therapy, (3) nanodrugs alone, and (4) nanodrug combination therapy. Our analysis demonstrates that multi-drug nanomedicines outperform the other treatment groups. Statistical significance was assessed via a two-sided Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s correction for multiple comparisons (**** P < 0.0001, *** P < 0.001, ** P < 0.01, * P < 0.05, ns, not significant).
