Boxplot showing the distribution of pairwise cosine observed (Obs.) versus expected (Exp.) distances (before and after transplant) computed using the cell-type distribution of each clone. Observed data are compared with a null model created by randomly shuffling the clonal identities of post-transplant clones (1,000 times). P values of i k are from two-sided Wilcoxon tests. For d, e, g and i k, see the section ‘Data visualization’ in the Methods for a definition of boxplot elements and further detail. The scTAM-seq schematic in h was adapted from ref. 5 under a Creative Commons licence CC BY 4.0 .