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Corresponding hypocotyl images. In the final stage, indicated by three red segments in F corresponding to the measurements in G and images in H , grip displacement mainly caused sample slippage with negligible hypocotyl strain. Landmark-based strain (white arrows) is 0.28% for the first image pair and 0.36% for the second, whereas sticker-based strain (black arrows, region marked by black asterisks) is 5.19 and 4.17%, respectively.

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