Structure of the two-level cross-classified data. Each ESM survey is hierarchically nested within both a specific student and a particular time point of the learning situation, demonstrating the cross-classified structure of the dataset. For example, ESM Survey 1 represents the momentary motivation of Olivia (Student 1) during the first learning situation (Beep 1 for Olivia). Similarly, ESM Survey 7 captures John's (Student 4) momentary motivation at the same learning situation (also Beep 1 for John). Both ESM surveys account for the same learning situation (Lecturer Rating 1), reflecting the momentary motivation in response to the specific behaviour observed from the lecturer at that time point.
