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Schematic life cycle of M. pyrifera, with microscopic haploid stages highlighted in green. Mature sporophytes (2n) release meiospores (n) from sori located on sporophylls. Meiospores settle and germinate into female (U) and male (V) gametophytes. Eggs produced from oogonia release the pheromone lamoxirene, triggering the release and attraction of spermatozoids. Syngamy initiates the sporophyte generation. Partheno-sporophytes may develop from unfertilized eggs (omitted for clarity).

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