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Species in this study: (i)Spirodela polyrhiza9509, (ii)Lemna minor7210, (iii)Lemna minor9252, (iv)Lemna japonica7182, (v)Lemna japonica8627, (vi)Lemna japonica9421, (vii)Lemna turionifera9434, (viii)Lemna gibba7742a, and (ix)Wolffia australiana8730. Dark-field microscopy of colonies of mother fronds (M) bearing clonal daughter frond progeny (D) (scale bar, 1 mm). Turions (T) are visible after 40 days of growth in dilute media in L. turionifera (vii) colonies but not in those of L. minor (ii-iii) or L. japonica (iv-vi). S. polyrhiza (i) produced turions on dilute media. Starvation elicited a strong anthocyanin (A) response in turion-producing plants and in the fronds of L. minor9252 (iii). Flowers (F) are visible in L. gibba (viii) and W. australiana (ix) after growth on inductive media.

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