The combined effect of changes in SO upper cell strength at 34.5° S and inverted future PMOC strength at 34.5° S. Changes are between the control simulation and the future state 90 years after applying 4xCO2 forcing scenarios. A line of best fit across the whole ensemble, excluding outlying models shaded in purple, is shown, with blue shading indicating the 95% confidence interval. A line of equality (dashed line) is shown. Models shaded in red and green have enhanced or greatly weakened future Southern Ocean upwelling pathways, respectively.
