Decadal-mean evolution of AMOC strength and upwelling pathways under extreme-forcing scenarios: abrupt quadrupling of CO 2 (4xCO2; a - d ) and North Atlantic freshwater hosing (u03_hos; e - h ). Variables plotted are Atlantic ( b , f ). The control simulation averaged over the first 50 years is plotted at year 0, with magnitudes under the forcing scenarios calculated in 10-year intervals. Models used in both the 4xCO2 and u03_hos scenarios are labelled with an asterisk.
